Japanese Armed Forces took control of Batavia in March 1942 and life changed rapidly for the European population. Men, and boys over 12, were removed from their families and placed into POW camps leaving their women and children to fend for themselves in their homes. Conditions deteriorated rapidly as more restrictions were applied and the women increasingly feared for their safety and fate.

Soon camps like Tjideng were set up all over Batavia, and elsewhere in the Far East, and orders were given to move into them. The houses (and contents) of internees were confiscated by the Japanese. The women and children moved to their new camps with small pieces of furniture, bedding, clothing and some personal effects. As many people as possible were crammed into the houses in the camps.

At first Tjideng was under a civil administration and conditions were not too bad. Inhabitants could still cook for themselves, shop, and attend church services. However,  the military took over and all privileges disappeared. Money and jewellery had to be handed in and there were roll calls (kumpulan, appel or tenko) twice a day during which time the houses were searched. Food was cooked in the central kitchen and its quality and quantity deteriorated. Hunger was now a fact of life. So was disease and lack of medicines. Death became a daily occurrence. First the older ones, but soon all ages were effected. 

The women and children were often forced to witness horrible scenes of cruelty involving their fellow internees. Savage beatings and kickings were commonplace for the slightest misdemeanour, so were head shavings.

Tjideng camp was a closed-off section of one of the poorer suburbs of Batavia with smaller houses on small lots. It was fenced off, initially only with barbed wire. Later matted bamboo (gedčk) was added cutting the internees even more off from the outside world. Any contact through the gedčk was severely punished.

Over time the Japanese reduced the size of the camp many times. That did not deter them from bringing more people in from other camps. Tjideng started with about 2000 people. Over the years its area was reduced to about a quarter whilst its population grew to about 10,500.

What followed was enormous overcrowding. Every room was wall-to-wall mattresses including corridors, kitchens (nothing to cook), often also bathrooms (water was cut-off and the septic tanks no longer functioned) as well as patios and garages. The width of mattresses were constantly reduced. They ended up at 30cm wide.

Guards at the camp gate

Due to the overcrowding doors were removed and used for firewood. Every room needed its own outside exit so windows were removed and walls below them removed, leaving the inhabitants now more exposed to the elements. Some of the bigger houses reported more than 80 inhabitants! 

The man responsible for producing these conditions was Lieutenant (later Captain) Kenichi Sonei.

For fifteen months, April 1944 to June 1945, the camp was under the command of the infamous Capt. Kenichi Sonei. He came to Tjideng from the POW camp of the 10th Batallion in Batavia better known as the Cycle Camp. He was notorious for his cruelty particularly when the moon was full. Many of his most barbaric acts occurred at such time.

During his time the camp's population grew from 5290 to 10,300.

Two Tjideng boys in party mood days after liberation.

It is not possible to list all his crimes here. See references below. Briefly, punishments included 'kumpulans' lasting several hours in the hot tropical sun which even the sick had to attend, reduced food rations, head shavings, beatings. He had dogs beaten to death by the older boys, tipped food over in the central kitchen and buried bread in rage. His reign was one of absolute terror!

He was sentenced to death by the War Crimes Tribunal on 2 September 1946.

In December 1946 Captain Sonei got justice from a Dutch firing squad. His appeal to acting Governor General Hubertus J. van Mook had been rejected. Mrs. van Mook had been one of Sonei's prisoners.

Read more about life and the conditions in Tjideng from the personal stories of:

• Riet  - "Of course we also had to bow to the soldiers and even to the trucks if they passed us – not doing so resulted in a savage beating and kicking", and

• Hardy - "The garden behind the house was a mess. The sewerage was broken down and the dirt and shit  was canalized in open gutters throughout the garden."

• Hetty - "Much sickness was caused by poor sewerage and the women had to ladle the overflow of the cesspits into open drains which became a source of constant infection."

• Michel - "“One day one of our play mates - a girl - died. This had a big impact on me. She actually died of malnutrition but we had no idea at the time and could not comprehend this.”

About Tjideng - Excerpts  from "The Knights of Bushido" by Lord Russell of Liverpool (1958):

 

"Lieutenant-Colonel Read-Collins was sent to Batavia, where he arrived on 18th September 1945, to organize emergency air supplies to prisoner of war and civilian internment camps in Java and Sumatra. In Batavia itself he was responsible for feeding sixty-five thousand prisoners of war and women internees."

 

"The worst camp that Read-Collins saw was the women's camp at Tjideng where there were over ten thousand internees. They were confined in a space about a thousand yards square. The Japanese had taken over one of the poorer residential quarters of Batavia and sealed it off for this purpose. Most of the houses were without doors and windows, which had been removed by the Japanese for firewood. They had little ventilation, and, without fans, the heat was stifling in the hot weather. The whole area was very overcrowded and it was quite normal for not less than fifteen people to be housed in a small garage big enough to take a ten horsepower car. In one house there were eighty-four people living, and there was no room for them all to lie down at the same time. Most of the women internees had managed to keep one dress and some of them wore this every day."

 

"There were no amenities of any kind, no place for the children to play, and they could only take exercise in the narrow streets which, during the rainy season, were ankle deep in sewage from the septic tanks which had overflowed. The most common diseases were deficiency diseases like oedema and beriberi. Dysentery and malaria were also rampant."

 

"The principal item (of food) was an insufficient quantity of rice, sometimes a little meat, sour black bread made from tapioca flour, and a small quantity of obi leaves, the only vegetable. Immediately after the Japanese surrender the internees' rations were doubled. There had been no shortage of food in Batavia prior to the return of the Allies and Read-Collins saw no signs of malnutrition amongst the local native population. On 18th September there were already twelve hundred patients in the camp hospital. There were many others who also should have been in hospital but who had carried on for the sake of their children. When those were all admitted the number of patients rose to two thousand, and every available building in Batavia was converted into a convalescent home. Many of the worst cases were evacuated to Singapore."

 

"All this they owe to the `Knights of Bushido'."

Australian Sergeant Tony Rafty sketching children in Tjideng soon after liberation.  Many thanks to the Australian War Memorial for the use of their images.

For the names of the 

FAMILIES 

that were in 

Tjideng 

in 

April 1944 

see the 

Tjideng Register

This Register shows every family (often woman-alone or mother plus children) on one line combined with a pointer to the block number within the camp, the page number of the original archive, the order number within the block, and the ages of all family members. 

The total population of the camp at that time was 5290.

Passenger list 

Nieuw Amsterdam

I have in my possession - do not ask me how - a copy of the passenger list of the Nieuw Amsterdam that sailed from Singapore for Holland in December 1945. Many "Tjidengers" would have been on that - as I was. 

Email me if you are looking for a name.

LINKS 

to 

personal stories about 

TJIDENG CAMP 

• Riet remembers

• Hardy's memories

• Hetty's story

• Michel's musings

• Marguerite's site

Click on map to see an enlargement.

 

Relevant pages regarding WWII:-

Innocents of Hiroshima?

Bushido

Remembering Hiroshima.  

Japanese Camp Life not Free!

A-bombs saved millions in Asia

WAR IS ON!

Headlines on 

8 December 1941 in the Japan Times & Advertiser in Tokyo.

Click here for enlargement.

and read the 

"Imperial Rescript" or Declaration of War.

Sinking

 of the 

Junyo Maru

Read also about the sinking of the Junyo Maru - a Japanese cargo ship with 6500 POWs on board.

One of the greatest maritime disaster of all time - yet the least known.

Please email me if you have any comments.

See Peter van der Kuil's Home Page for related information and links.

Recommended Reading

More information on Tjideng and other camps.

"The Forgotten Ones - Women and Children under Nippon"  

by

Shirley Fenton Huie. 

ISBN 0-207-17077-0.

"Dark Skies over Paradise"

by

Louisa Priesman-Bogaardt
        

"The memoirs of one woman's fight to keep her and her children alive during WWII. Louise Bogaardt's  time in prison camps on Java (including Tjideng). A compelling story of love, endurance and hope."

Available from 

Trafford Publishing

A good reference book is

 "The Japanese Internment Camps during WWII"  

by 

Dr D van Velden, 

Publisher: Uitgeverij T Wever B.V., Franeker.

"The Defining Years of the Dutch East Indies,

1942-1945"

Edited by:

Jan A Krancher

Powerful and poignant accounts (24) from survivors of the Japanese invasion and subsequent enslavement of Europeans and the revolution that followed which created a free Indonesia.

Available from McFarland.

In Dutch try the following:

 "De hel van Tjideng. Herinneringen van Bep Groen, ex- gevangene Jappenkamp, oktober '42 - december '45"  

by 

E.G. van der Stouw-Lenkeek, 

Barneveld, Vuurbaak, 1995. 

Also in Dutch:-

Ampasiet A15

by

Paula Kogel

Recently published, this is an absorbing and emotional account of a mother who, with her two young sons, was interned in this camp.

Available from:

amazon.com 

or amazon.co.uk

Did you know?

that the Dutch Government has not compensated its victims of Japanese persecution? Countries such as Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Norway have! 

If you were in such a camp, have a look at the website of the Stichting Vervolgingsslachtoffers Jappenkamp. 

This is an organisation seeking compensation for Dutch victims of Japanese internment camps, and their next of kin,  in the former Dutch East Indies from the Dutch Government.